Vincenzo Pecci (1810-1903), Pope for 25 years. Remembered most especially for his Encyclical Rerum Novarum, on the ‘Condition of Labour’, issued in 1871, not least because it represents the first of what became a ten-yearly succession of encyclicals on matters of social political ethics. He also re-established the Church’s hierarchy in Scotland and in 1896 issued an Encyclical decreeing that the Anglican ministry is invalid.

• http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09169a.htm

• http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/index.htm

• http://papal-library.saint-mike.org/LeoXIII/Leo_XIII.html